”Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe Essay Example for Free

†Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe Essay In †Things Fall Apart† Chinua Achebe takes us to a Nigerian village at the time of the British colonization of Africa where substantial changes are affecting the inhabitants. Okonkwo is a proud African man who strives to succeed in the Igbo society. In his early days he created a name for himself by being a successful wrestler. He then put enormous effort into making his farm prosperous by working hard and creating a big family. That he appreciates hard work and discipline defines him as a father. When he realizes that his oldest son Nwoye is not of the quality he requires, he feels himself obligated to take action mostly with the use of violence thought he finds little pleasure in beating the children and views. It is rather a way to obtain respect and his way of parenting. To some extent this domestic aggression is accepted and is an acknowledged part of the Igbo culture. Apart from the elevated position he acquires other clansmen do not always agree with his impulsive nature as for the incident during the week of peace when he beat his wife. At first sight Okonkwo is a confident man who has no fears. This is deeply rooted in the view of how a man should be in their culture where the ability to not show any emotions is highly redeemed. But actually, a lot of his actions can be traced back to fear and insecurity. This fear clearly has to do with Unoka, his work-shy father who left nothing over to his son but debt after his death. Eventually, these moral standards conflict Okonkwo when affection starts to grow for Ezinma, the daughter of his second wife, feelings which he experiences are difficult to handle. He also feels especially bad after he killed the adopted boy Igbomefuna, an act that puts Okonkwo in a depression that if nothing else demonstrates that something has changed in his character. †Okonkwo was also feeling tired, and sleepy, for although nobody else knew it, he had not slept at all last night. He had felt very anxious but did not show it. When Ekwefi had followed the priestess, he had allowed what was  regarded as reasonable and manly interval to pass and then gone with his machete to the shire†. (p 82) One could wonder why he follows even though the priestess had requested to be alone with Ezinma during the sprititualic ritual. It is evident that breaking the rules of the ritualic traditions is not something he could let himself do easily. Not mainly would it be fright of the gods. Okonkwo tries to keep up a facede which involves obeying the traditions of his ancestors as for not showing emotions. And with a past as a warrior it is understandable why he is keen to not look weak. Reference list: Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe Litterature Criticism And Theory – Andrew Bennet Nicholas Royle (p.63-70)

Aids :: Free AIDS Essays

Aids The issue of HIV/AIDS has been a developing concern since the early 1980's. It is an issue that has sparked fear in everyone, but "society" has narrowed it down to certain people that can contract the AIDS virus. The stereotypical "AIDS" victim is not an IV drug user or a practicing homosexual; it is anyone, anyone who has unprotected sex, anyone who has had a blood transfusion in the past twenty years, or anyone who was innocently brought into the world by an infected mother. As unfair as it is, HIV/AIDS can attack someone whom society would have never "branded" as a stereotypical AIDS victim. This issue of HIV/AIDS needs to be addressed, and it needs to be addressed now. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS is on the rise in the state of Massachusetts. As many as 15,000 residents may be infected with the virus and not be aware of it and the majority of these victims are between the ages of twenty and forty. The only solution to this problem, as is the only solution to any problem, is preventio n through education. Of course it is easy to hand out literature and condoms to adults, but are they really going to listen? As a community, we can encourage HIV/AIDS testing, but will it be taken advantage of? Since these are adults being familiarized with HIV/AIDS, how to contract it, the consequences, and the raw statistics, they will probably disregard all of the information. Education on the issue of HIV/AIDS obviously needs to begin at an earlier age. HIV is spread most commonly by sexual contact with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Prior to the screening of blood for evidence of HIV infection and before the introduction in 1985 of heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products, HIV was transmitted through transfusions of contaminated blood. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of acquiring HI V from such transfusions is extremely small. HIV frequently is spread among injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with minute quantities of blood of someone infected with the virus. However, transmission from patient to health-care worker or vice-versa via accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments is rare.

Economy on Food Essay

Many Americans consume food at an alarming rate without even stopping to think of what they really might be eating or how it ended up on their plate. If we just took the time to see how our food systems worked, we would notice the domino affect trickling down from government to average day Americans. In order for us to be able to grow and produce food, farmers are paid by our government in the form of subsidies. These crops often times do not grow naturally from the ground. Chemicals are pumped into the Earth causing problems for our environment. That food is than sent on journeys all over the world, including stops at feed lots. Animals are fed the crop which has more cons than pros to their digestive system and their bodies causing meat to have a higher concentration of fat. Of course these products are then distributed to our grocery stores and we buy them without the slightest bit of hesitation. Each one of these steps has an affect on the other and it might all be controlled by one problem – government subsidies. Without this control farmers might have the initiative to grow with their minds set on quality over quantity which in turn will have healthier affects on each level of our food economy. Farmers are large contributors toward the food for our society. The government pays farmers by controlling the supply and demand through subsidies keeping the farmers their jobs. However, the subsidies are based on how many bushels a farmer can grow, which leads to an overproduction. An example of a highly subsidized crop is corn. Alone, this crop causes environmental, animal farming, and society health issues. According to Michael Pollan, an author, activist, and Professor of journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, for farmers to grow an abundant amount of corn it requires more chemicals and pesticides to maintain growing conditions. These chemicals eventually find its way into the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, killing marine life (45). When this crop is sold, farmers with livestock buy it as animal feed, for it is cheap. â€Å"Most of the animals we eat (chickens, pigs, and cows) today subsist on a diet of corn, reguardless regardless of whether it is good for them† (Pollan, 44). Cattle are not use to an all corn diet which causes farmers to feed them antibiotics to fight off any illness and or infections. Once these animals pass inspections they are sent off to a slaughter house to become the meat we eat, which is filled with antibiotics and corn. Corn comes in a sugar additive form be more accurate -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:25 PM called high fructose corn syrup. It is commonly found in soft drinks because it is so sweet and cheap. Due to the subsidy, it took the place of sugar. There is â€Å"†¦ no coincidence that the wholesale switch to corn sweeteners in 1980’s marks the beginning of the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in this country† (Pollan, 44). Since the subsidy caused overproduction and extremely low prices, America has let itself go in becoming one of the fattest and laziest nations by turning to fast food restaurants instead of home cooked meals. The government pays farmers to grow these commodities (i. e. corn, soy, wheat, rice, and cotton) for their overproduction and â€Å"†¦ the farm bill what farm bill? offer context for quote -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:26 PM does almost nothing to support farmers growing fresh produce†¦ The reason the least healthful calories in the supermarket are the cheapest is that those are the ones the farm bill encourages farmers to grow† (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). While fruit and vegetable prices increased 40 percent from 1985-2000, the price of soft drinks, containing corn, declined 23 percent (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). Through government subsidies and the farm bill, it has caused several problems concerning the environment, and animal and society health. Government subsidies need to be looked at and changed considerably. Farmers need to stop overproduction and instead of being paid by bushels, be paid to limit production and support prices (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). By supporting prices and limiting production, crops may not be so high in demand, further resulting in animals eating what they are accustomed to and Americans eating healthier with fewer unknown additives put into their food. Here you have moved to possible solutions — save it for that section. -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:28 PM The overproduction of corn in America has raised many questions regarding the process and production of corn and how it is affecting us Americans today. Need a different transition here, one that spins off from last paragraph -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:29 PM Many documentaries about corn, the production, process, and distribution have been experimented with and caught on tape, while more problems have risen about conditions of corn and farming. Such Aforementioned problems have revealed that though corn is cheap and easy, it increases health risks for our bodies and to animals as well. Michael Pollan author of â€Å"When A Crop Becomes King,† writer for the New York Times states that â€Å"nowhere have humans done quite as much to advance the interests of this plant as in North America , where zea mays has insinuated itself into our landscape, our food system-and our federal budget. † Pollan is revealing that people may question the food production and if producers are looking out for our best interest or not. We still buy the same products and dont ask the important questions, though, we just accept that it is a way of life. We complain that food is unhealthy and there are rarely any alternatives that are just as quick and tasty as fast food, instead, we need to choose our own alternatives rather then blame the fast food industry. Corn has been processed and has become an American product for the past few decades, â€Å"we’re sacrificing the health of both our bodies and the environment by growing and eating so much of it[†¦ ]that’s cause for our concern† states Polan in another quote from The New York Times. Though we have the production of corn processed in foods and fed to animals to make there meat more fatty, the best strategy that has kept the zea mays in business is the development of high fructose corn syrup. Look on the backs of soda cans, candy bars, even apples and you will notice that there is high fructose corn syrup in our americanized products. Corns being processed into all of our foods, drinks, and animals is only part of the problem, Polan states that â€Å"Modern corn hybrids are the greediest of plants, demanding more nitrogen fertilizer than any other crop also requiring more pesticide then any other crop. † Corn isn’t as cheap as we suspect it to be, the diet for corn consists of a plethera of water and is sprayed with chemicals each time it’s grown. Due to the chemicals that are sprayed, â€Å"these chemicals find its way to the Mississippi River which carries it to the Gulf of Mexico, which has already killed marine life in a 12,000 square mile area. † Polan again reveals that if we take a step back, we will realize that our environment is suffering just as much as we are, we are temporary on this earth we need to remember that the environment is not to be tempered with, but natural. The process of cornification and new developments if cheap and easy products, has cause a domino affect in our health system. Although our environment is suffering due to over use of chemicals, we do not end there. nice T -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:33 PM According to the U. S Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service, each year in the United States, 10 billion land animals are raised and killed for meat, eggs, and milk. To an average American with no prior knowledge of our food economy this might seem like a minuscule fact, however; it is the way in which these animals are farmed which has dire consequences on our societies health. Farm animal welfare expert Dr. Donald Broom states; â€Å"Efforts to achieve earlier and faster growth, greater production per individual, and efficient feed conversions and partitioning are the causes of some of the worst animal welfare problems. † The farming of livestock has changed dramatically over the past centuries. Many still think of farming as the rural collections of barns and field where animals are free to graze and move about until they are executed effectively, â€Å"in reality, some farms are massive industrial-type facilities owned and operated by large corporations†¦ [and] although they make up a small percentage of American farms, they handle a large percentage of the animals killed for food in the United States† (Breakdown of Livestock Farms, North American Industry Classification System in Census of Agriculture). These factory farms are also known as CAFO’s or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Because of the over production of corn, these animals diets consist of nothing but it. Since corn is a high-starch, high-energy food, it decreases the time it takes to fatten the cattle and increases the yield from these farms. According to the documentary, King Corn, cattle are fed for anywhere between 140-160 days and than slaughtered, however; corn is not the natural diet of cattle and since it is not, many problems have stemmed from this abnormal diet. They are becoming fatter at an alarming rate which is good for the company’s wallets but not for our waist lines considering â€Å"65% of calories from burgers are energy calories from fat† causing a direct line between obese cows, and obese Americans (King Corn). The problem lies within the cattle’s digestive system. The heavy corn diet acidifies the cow’s digestive tract and causes bacteria to form. Under normal circumstances a bacteria known as â€Å"E. coli 0157: H7 would be killed by stomach acids but the increased amounts of acid allows for the more acid resistant bacteria to thrive and reproduce† (Richard J.Arsenault, Corn Fed Cattle: Bigger Cows, Bigger E. coli Threat. )nice addition of detail, but paraphrase — wording not worthy of quote status 🙂 -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:37 PM Cattle are being forced to consume products which end up killing them slowly, and if it were not for the time of slaughter they would eventually die. Either way in which they die is not usually pleasant. awk -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:38 PM Cows may be raised in one state, fattened in another, and then slaughtered in yet another. During the transportation of these animals they are packed into trucks where they suffer from trampling, temperature extremes, and lack of food, water or veterinary care. When they reach the slaughterhouse, cattle may be hoisted upside-down by their hind legs and dismembered all while being conscious since the techniques for slaughter are surrounded around yield and not efficiency. The kill rate in a typical slaughterhouse is 400 animals per hour, and â€Å"the line is never stopped simply because an animal is alive,† according to a former slaughterhouse worker and author of â€Å"They Die Piece by Piece†, Joby Warrick. Are you drifitng away from topic? -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:39 PM There are no animal welfare laws regulating the treatment of billions of animals raised for their mean meat, eggs, and milk while they are on the farm. While all of the 50 states have cruelty laws, many exempt common farming practices. As a result of this, farm animals suffer immensely due to the fact that animal welfare is overlooked since the economic interests of the producer often conflict with the animals well-being. But the animals well-being is not the only consequence; factory farming effect the environment as well as society itself. The effects fast food has on Americans is a wide variety of different things, and society is one of them. Wendell Berry from The Pleasures of Eating says people â€Å"buy what they want–or what they have been persuaded to want–within the limits of what they can get. † (Berry 1) Berry feels that the advertisers of fast food companies make people feel that they need things that are not necessarily good for them because it is provided to them cheaply and with easy access. Society has been blind sided when it comes to where there food is from, the most an average urban shopper could tell you is that their food came from a farm. They are unaware of any further information such as; what farm it came from, where the farm is located, and how far the food had to travel to get to them. (Berry 1) Most Americans view food as something that does not concern them until it is put in front of them. They don’t spend any extra time thinking about the health aspects of their food until it comes time to purchase it or make it. Even then, Americans lives are so fast paced they don’t have tome time to worry about what is in their food. It is very obvious through commercials and other forms of advertisement that the industry does not care about the health of society. They advertise to young children and teens who do not know any better, this section seems to be about causes rather than effects -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:01 PM as well as hire immigrants that will work for low pay. It is very clear they are not aware of what they are providing their customers with. The industry has been able to create a vicious circle by advertising to children. These children grow up and feed it to their children, thus continuing the never ending cycle. As long as fast food restaurants are able to provide food at a cheap price, quickly the health of society will be a problem. There is no way we could possibly shut down all of the fast food restaurants but there are different things we could do just to make people more aware of what they are eating. When dining at a fast food restaurant it is hard to come across health information on the food they are providing you with, pamphlets providing this information should be offered to every customer much like how they offer you to super size your meal. Another idea would be to provide the dietary facts on the outside packaging of the product how they do at grocery stores on every item sold. And this section seems to be about solutions -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:02 PM Societies health problems may be growing but our knowledge is also growing and we should get smart and look further into what we put into our bodies. What we put into our bodies has a lot to do with the increased health problems in society today, in years prior to 1994 diabetes in children was typically a genetic disorder that they had inherited and Type 2 diabetes only accounted for 5% of childhood cases now it accounts for at least 30%. (David Zinczenko Pg 1). This is actually on topic — the negative effects on health -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:03 PM So who do we blame for the fact that our health is going downhill? People should know how to eat properly and know better than to eat several meals a week from a fast food restaurants, I don’t think its the fact that people don’t understand what it could do to there body, its the lack of alternatives and the FDA does not require prepared foods to be labeled with health information. We have covered every street in America with fast food restaurants and made it almost impossible to come by a health food store. Why would Americans spend time looking for healthier alternatives when we have strategically placed several other unhealthy alternatives right in front of them. Fast food is not just affecting the health of people but also of our environment packaging from fast food restaurants can take up anywhere from 20-30% of our landfill space belongs in a different section -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:05 PM and add pollutants to our air. Fast food has a huge affect on society that witha few east steps in the right direction we could create a healthier America. A major downfall for the US is how we are able to provide food at such a cheap cost. It is awesome for the customers but for the people providing it (farmers) it is more of a cost to them. Michael Pollan, author of When a Crop Becomes King from the New York Times explains exactly how farmers are paying more money for corn in the long run, because â€Å"the average bushel of corn (56 pounds) sells for about $2 today; it costs farmers more than $3 to grow it. â€Å"(Pollan 1). If farmers are spending more money on corn than customers are paying for it how are they making any money themselves? Congress has decided to subsidize corn by the bushel, America is covered in 125,000- square miles of corn fields. Subsidies are grants given to an enterprise provided by the government that benefit the public. Does cheap food ever mean healthy food? Typically no. Advertisers will promote anything to get you to eat it! They target young children with anything from commercials to action figures. New York Times David Barboza author of the article If You Pitch it, They Will Eat says, â€Å"Big food makers like McDonald’s and Kraft Foods Inc. are finding every imaginable way to put their names in front of your children. † (Barboza 1) Companies view their sale pitches as harmless but they are a huge reason of America’s rise in obesity. Cheap food from fast food restaurants like Pizza Hut, McDonald’s, Taco Bell and KFC are targeting teenagers and cheap is all that the average teenager can afford. That’s what they eat, cheap food that will clog their arteries and if it is eaten constantly could lead to some major health problems. If fast food was pricier maybe it would encourage teenagers to make there way to the grocery store and spend their money on foods that are better and more nutritious for them. The problems that have arosearisen -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:56 PM due to the new developments with corn and subsidies have drawn Americans and health developers to question the health risks. Corn has been a new popular development for the past few decades with the booming fast food industry and even to grocery stores across America. Cheap food and cheap prices not only make it easy for parents, but are quite a tasty treat to people anywhere. The solution to end the change and chemicalization of our environment will be too change the â€Å"agricultural act† as Wendall Berry, author of The Pleasures of Eating stated. The video, King Corn, has shown that corn has been genetically changed and is grown closer together which not only makes the food unhealthy, but it is unhealthy for the soil as well. Corn is distributed into many different products, sprayed with chemicals, and genetically altered so that it flatters the human eye. Corn also feeds the animals, in which farms put them in a box to feed instead of grazing along pastures, healthily. Berry states that animals are fed with antibiotics so they won’t die from the change in diet, and so they can fight off bacteria in their bodies. Our environment is where the earth began, slowly but surely we are killing off plants and animals for our benefits as â€Å"heavy consumers. † We want to make a solution to stunting environmental growth because it is all a domino affect. One part affects the whole puzzle, take away corn, and we are forced to find alternative sweeteners for soda, candy, fruit, and other products. An alternative to corn syrup is sugar, though more expensive, it is worth it if it benefits our bodies and environment. In King Corn, the college students say that there is â€Å"30% more sugar used in corn form† than before. This suggests that high fructose corn syrup is more unhealthy than sugar itself. Researchers at University of Minnesota also made the point that â€Å"high fructose corn syrup causes trygliceride levels in men to increase shortly after eating, which links to an increased risk of obesity and heart disease. † Our problem is corn and the production, we find alternatives such as going back to sugar, and letting the animals, plants, soil, grow healthier so that humans will be healthier. Lets face it, we don’t know what we are eating, but do we care to ask questions? Rather, we complain about how there are no alternatives to the fast and easy drive-thru. Our change in society with our environment will be slow, one less person going to McDonald’s, is one less employee making a hamurger, which is one less manufacturer making money on his or her product. Let’s come together and find our own alternatives, rather than having society determine for us. It is easy to say that Americans are victims when it comes to eating unhealthy. We are heavily influenced by fast food and marketing industries. Together, they promote and reel consumers in by making their products cheap and convenient. So, how do we fight back? According to Wendell Berry, an author and farmer, we need to start by eating responsibly. This includes preparing your own food, knowing where your food is grown (preferably closer to home), dealing directly with the farmer or gardener, and learning, about the economy, farming, and through observations (40). Eating responsibly is a life style one chooses, it definitely won’t happen over night. Blaming fast food companies for making America fat may be the easy way out of personal responsibility but America is to blame. Daniel Weintraub’s article states that â€Å"Statewide, the Center said 26 percent of schoolchildren are overweight† (42). 5 tips prob -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:14 PM The lack of exercise has caused childhood obesity to rise in consideration with the intake of fast food. Since fast food companies clearly play a role in the obesity problem America has, the change should start with them by offering healthier alternatives, smaller portion sizes, and nutritional facts on the food and beverages being consumed. But the bigger pictures focuses on the farm bill. The reason fast food companies can sell their food cheap is because of the subsidy system. Pollan states that â€Å"eaters want a bill that makes the most healthful calories in the supermarket competitive with the least healthful ones. Eaters want a bill that feeds schoolchildren fresh food from local farms rather than processed surplus commodities from far away. Enlightened eaters also recognized their dependence on farmers which is why they would support a bill that guarantees the people who raise our food not subsidies but fair prices† (You Are What You Grow). The only way that our nation can change the health problem it’s suffering from now is by taking the time to understand and know what they are really eating, along with what was done to it to make it taste the way it does. Originally, Government subsidies were intended to ensure that American people had enough food. Our Government wanted to make sure that our country would never have a problem regarding the amount of food we produce. Though the intentions of our nation were only to make sure that every person can have food in their belly, the result of starting the subsidy system, in fact, made things worse. Without subsidy, corn costs much more than it does with a subsidy. Since the Government decided that subsidies would be a good idea, farmers have taken advantage of the opportunity to increase their income. Over the years, chemicals have been put into corn to change its color, its ability to grow closer together, and how fast it grows. Not only that, but chemicals must be put into the soil to make it grow in general, because farmers have abandoned their old method of rotating crops and leaving the land fallow. Making these modifications to the corn crop has done what they wanted: increased the amount of corn produced, therefore increasing the amount of money farmers recieve. Unfortunately, it has also caused major problems in the health of the food. As mentioned previously, corn is fed to livestock. Since corn has such chemicals put into it, that’s exactly what the animals consume, and it makes the meat â€Å"have nine times as much saturated fats as grass fed animals†(King Corn). This means that the meat that humans consume, in addition to the corn itself, and corn syrup that humans consume, are much less healthy than we think. Paragraph should start here. Most of above is repeating what should have come before -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:17 PM The Subsidy system is flawed in that it’s intentions were for the health of the country, but it’s results are that all food is less healthy than it once was. Eliminating subsidies on corn will raise the price on corn, which in turn will raise price on meat, change the diet for livestock, and force companies to use natural sugar rather than corn syrup. These changes will result in less health issues, considering that â€Å"corn syrup [alone] has a higher risk of type 2 diabetes†(King Corn). If the government really was concerned with the health of our country, officials would have considered the health of not only the people, but the land, plants, and animals we depend on for survival. Getting rid of subsidies will only help the country toward its dream of better health.

A Case Study On Aurobindo Pharma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1951 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Global strategy for Indian pharmacy companies and the opportunity in emerging markets: A case study on Aurobindo Pharma Focus Aim: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Study On Aurobindo Pharma" essay for you Create order To understand the trends in Indian pharmacy companies which have been recently going global by investing abroad with an intention for market expansion? Objectives: To find out the strengths of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and analyse the pattern of Mergers and Acquisitions by various companies across the globe. To throw light on the strategies followed by Aurobindo Pharma in acquiring other pharma companies. Context The research includes strategy of the emerging pharmaceutical companies in India and understands the trends and process of the companies that have been going global to expand their market in the world-wide. Literature review: In pharmaceutical sector around the world, India ranks 4th in terms of volume and 13th in terms of value. In the year 2006 the value was USD 7.42 billion, the growth has been increased by 12.9% over the previous year. In this total sales 90% of the sales are accounted as generics and the remaining are patented drugs. Now a dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governments of various countries, patients and industries are pulling attention towards generic drugs, due to lower in cost and less RD investment than compares to that of the patented drugs. In the year 2005 the generic market has been increased by 20% in the world which is four times that of the patented drugs and three times that of the pharmaceuticals market. US market alone had acquired 44% of the generic drugs (Pharmabiz, 2009). The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of generic drugs in Indian pharmaceuticals has been increased by 16.6% during the period of 2001-05. The expected CAGR during the period of 2009-14 would be 13.2% and appro ximately the total value may reach $15,490m in 2014 (Research and Markets, 2009). In the year 2009 in India there were more than 80 FDA approved plants, Italy (55) and China (27). The Indian pharmaceuticals companies like Cipla, Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lab; Wockhardt, Lupin and Nicholas Piramal are doing well in developed market such as US and Europe. These companies have exciting values in formulation, bulk drugs, generics, novel drug delivery system, new chemical entities, biotechnology etc (Research and Markets, 2007). 4.1 Indian pharmaceutical market structure: Source: Cygnus, 2007 According to Dr. Richard Gerster, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Indian  pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The Indian pharmaceuticals ranks very high in terms of quality, technology and the range of medicines manufactured. Indian pharmaceuticals market will grow 10-14%, to touch $40 billion by 2015 (Mckinsey, 2009). India has a powerful biotechnology that can overthrow by the revolution of agriculture, healthcare, industrial processing and environmental sustainability. In India there are 100 research laboratories and more than 400 educational and training institutes across the country (Pharma India, 2005). Major companies in India 2006 Source: company annual report FY 2006-07, *annual report 2006 December ending. In the above figure y-axis indicates to turnover (Rs.bn) Indian pharmaceuticals is divided into two benefits, one is strong domestic consumption growth and robust export opportunities (Indus view, 2009). 4.2 Mergers and acquisitions of Indian pharmaceutical companies The major reason for acquisitions is to attaining access to new technologies, clinical research, catapulting the market share and platform for improving custom synthesis and working with new clients. The major companies acquiring acquisitions in India are Ranbaxy, Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Dishman and Wockhardt. In generics Acquirer Target Value USD million Date Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Beta pharm (Germany) 574 Feb-06 Ranbaxy Terapia (Romania) 324 Mar-06 Ranbaxy Ethimed NV (Spain) Mar-06 Ranbaxy Allen spa (Italy ) Mar-06 Aurobindo Milpharma (UK) 13 Feb-06 Jubilant organosys Target research association (US) 34 Oct-05 In branded formulation Sun pharma Able laboratories (US) 24 Dec-05 Valeant pharma (2 facilities) (Hungary, US) 10 Aug05 Active pharmaceuticals ingredients (API) Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rocheà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s API business (Mexico) 59 Nov-05 Matrix Docpharma (Belgium) 263 Jun-05 Over the last decade the outsourcing has become the important part for the pharmaceutical companies. The main reason for the outsourcing is rising pressure to reduce costs, and time-to-market, this leads to the increasing the technical demanding areas such as drug discovery and biotech RD. Outsourcing opportunities has been rapidly growing in the market like Eastern Europe, China, India. Indian pharmaceutical industries are putting effort on the development of the product for global generic market and this will be visible with the DMF filing at the US FDA (DMFs are generic dossiers filed with the FDA in order to allow the API to appear in marketed drugs). 30% of the DMF filings at US FDA are filed by Indian companies. Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, aurobindo, cipla, Ranbaxy, matrix and lupin are the leading Indian companies of DMFs filed in US. From the sources of US and European countries they made research on Indian based pharmaceuticals companies regarding merging and acquisitions and they were pleased to announce some name to the Indian companies and decided to name as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Indian Pharmaceutical MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Mainly US and European countries have focused on Indian due to the vast change in research work done and the main plus points for them were the laws of Indian government have changed drastically like providing new opportunities to launch patented molecules this point made them interest in investing Indian pharmaceuticals, and likewise India pharma is becoming strong manufacturing stand and with low-cost development, manufacturing destination. Source: Shivani Shukla, 2006. The global has been rapidly changing into the generic market; here are some companies that have been invested, acquired and deals in 2008-09. Green cross Pharma in Singapore was acquired by Ascent; Pfizer plant in Ireland was acquired by Hovione, PharmaPro manufacturing facility was acquired by URL Pharma, ECR pharmaceuticals was acquired by HI-Tech pharmacal.   Source: Research and Markets, 2009. Indian pharmaceutical market in U.S., has been continuously increasing, a $440 billion market appoints 47% of the global pharmaceutical market. In February 2009, Indian pharmaceutical companies including large and mid-sized all together have assured approvals for 15 Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) (Indus view, 2009). Strategies: In order to expand their market some companies have entered into foreign markets in generic drugs segment. Some companies have entered directly by setting their own sales and marketing organisation, either in organic manner or through acquisitions and others have entered these market through partnership or merging with well established companies. Ranbaxy acquired Ohm Laboratories in US in 1995, Jubilant Organosys acquired Cadista pharmaceuticals (formerly Trigen Laboratories) an US generic company in 2005. Aurobindo Pharma gained an FDA-compliment formulations manufacturing plant in Dayton, New Jersey in 2006, in the same year the company acquired Milpharm LTD in UK. Dr. Reddyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approved as a MHRA manufacturing facilities in UK. Wockhardt has a manufacturing facility in UK, Ireland and France (espicom, 2009). Aurobindo Pharma: Aurobindo was founded in the year 1986, by Mr P.V. Ramaprasad reddy, Mr. K. Nithyananda reddy and some highly committed group professionals. Aurobindo pharma launches Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest formulation facility in India in 2009. Vision of the company is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To become Asias leading and one among the top 15 generic Pharma companies in the world, by 2015 (aurobindo, 2009). RD of the company lies in developing intellectual property in non-infringing processes and resolving complex chemistry challenges. Aurobindo pharma expects to reach $2 billion by the end of the year 2013, the company licensing deal with Pfizer to sell generics drugs in more than 70 emerging companies and developing market in India (Fierce pharma, 2009). Aurobindo pharma is the first company that makes acquisition in Europe acquires Milpharm in UK in 2006, on agreement with the U.K. Whyte group LTD and Iracot LTD. This acquisition makes the company to gain immediate access to European markets. This company is profit making company in generic; it takes ownership over hundred Marketing Authorizations (MAs) Medicines, and Health care products Regulatory Agency, UK (UK MHRA). Milpharm records  £7.7 million in 12 months of period ended 30th September 2005 (Aurobindo, 2006). Source: THE HINDU, journal, 2006 Source: PR Domain News Release, 2006 The above pie chart indicates that Aurobindo pharma exports break-up in the year 2006 Research methodology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the term fundamentally means expedition for information or data collection. It certainly means to accumulate the information regarding certain queries and to build up a convinced scheme for that question. If there is no such a word like research all the scientific and social projects could be resulted in guess work and inexact data.   The descriptive or relative, qualitative research work is typically probing, in concern it can either contain some or all the criterion mentioned below. (Miles, 1994) Extremely intensified and drawn out contact in the field. Designed to attain a holistic or complete picture. Little consistent instrumentation is used. Most analysis is done with words. Take into account the experiences, opinions and feelings of the participants. The research strategies generally used are the chosen case study and the grounded theory. 5.1 Research paradigm A research paradigm is expanded to the critical thinking of the students that may help the students to gain a clear view about the research with the different examples. Positivist paradigm is based on the philosophical idea which explores the social reality. Positivism paradigm has been influencing the educational research for a long time, later half twentieth it is criticized due to the lack in subjective states of individual. 5.2 Research approach There are four different types of research approaches, they are specification of a theory, design based on the theory, implementation, and evaluation. This research includes deductive and inductive quantitative comes under deductive and qualitative comes under inductive. Quantitative method mainly includes objectively, caution and types of questions in this are pre-specified and outcome oriented. Qualitative mainly includes subjectively, meaning of the report. Types of questions are open-ended and process oriented. 5.3 Research method The research study is basically to understand the impact of pharmaceutical industries that have been going global to increase their market. Thus, given the research aim and objectives of the study, methodology that is employed for this study is basically to desk study rather going for primary survey method. The Aurobindo Pharma chosen for the case study is taken into account with a view point and to review how the company acquired and merged with other companies. 5.4 Sampling procedure A sample is a finite part of statistical population, whose properties are studied to gain the information of the whole (Webster, 1985). When it comes in case of dealing with people, it can be defined as a set of respondents picked out from a larger group for the reason of survey. So as a part of sampling technique the questionnaire is to be conducted between a selected group of actual client and non client households during the course of the survey. 5.5 Method of data Analysis The published data collected on the pharmaceutical industry will be analysed with the help of diagrams, graphs and pie charts and draw conclusions based on the results obtained. Saunders et al (2003) claims that there is no standard models to analyzing qualitative data but discuss one technique where the data are disaggregated into meaningful categories that are subsequently rearranged and analyzed for related data and key themes. Data collection Secondary data collection The data is mostly collected from the secondary form of publications like articles, Indus view, InPharma publishers, Cygnus business consulting and research, Pharmaceutical journal newspapers, Pharmabiz, market and research. Primary data collection Primary data is the collection of ideas all the way through the chain of various semi-structured consultations conducted by the researcher. This data can be collected by conducting interviews and by daily written record of experiences and observations. The research includes questionnaire, case Ethical consideration Time plan Activity July August September Week Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1.Holiday 2. Read Literature 3.Finalise Objectives 4. Draft Literature Review 5. Read Methodology Literature 6. Devise Research Approach 7. Draft Research Strategy and Method 8. Develop Questionnaire 9. Pilot Test and Revise Questionnaire 10. Administer Questionnaire 11. Enter Data into Computer 12. Analyse Data 13. Update literature read 14. Complete remaining chapters 15. Submit to tutor and await feedback 16.Print, bind 17. Submit

Does Dr Who Tell us About Science and Technology or the...

Doctor who is a science fiction programme that was created in 1963 by Sydney Newman and Donald Wilson, this was show was initially created as a children’s programme that combines adventure in time and space, and also the educational aspects about science and history. This programme became very popular with adults too. This is the longest running TV show even though there was a 16 year gap. There are many reasons as to why this show is so popular worldwide: its success worldwide and the ranges of audience the show appeals to, longevity and also philosophy. Doctor Who tells us about the science and technology and also the Britain of its time. The Doctor has a machine in which he travels in, the T.A.R.D.I.S (Time And Relative Dimension(s)†¦show more content†¦The technology has been deduced from current mobile phone technology especially the use of â€Å"hands free† technology. The cold war, which began after World War II in 1945, where United States of America and the Soviet Union joined forces who jointly triumphed in World War II which ended in victory for them against Adolf Hitler’s Nazi empire. The country had been destroyed and almost everyone was slaughtered, people who were around that time were able to experience or at least know what had happened and can’t forget it. â€Å"The Day of The Doctor† (2013) episode somewhat shows a similar way as to how it could have happened when the Daleks invaded Gallifrey. As we have all heard or read about World War II, Doctor Who gives us a small insight to a World War III, if one was to happen. In this episode, the Master who sets up a newly built office in 10 Downing Street this shows that it is tells us about the Britain of its time and how political conditions are at that time and also how are they likely to change. As science and technology are developing over the years an episode â€Å"The Long Game† which was originally created by Russell T Davies back in 1980’s showed how science was developing and the use of satellites however, this episode was rejected. After he became the show’s writer he had put thisShow MoreRelated The Reflection of Victorian Britain in Literature Essay4711 Words   |  19 PagesThe Reflection of Victorian Britain in Literature Queen Victoria reigned in Britain between 1937-1901. During this time in British history a large degree of change occurred. The writers of the time often reflected these substantial changes in their literature focusing on the interests of society. 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What Is Lateral Violence Within The Nursing Profession

Teamwork, collaboration, and empowerment are descriptive terms that many current and future nurses expect to be incorporated within their working environment. It is not unusual for nurses to work as a team with other health care professionals as well as one another to provide the best care for a patient. Therefore, one would think that a primary goal among nurses would in fact be collaboration. Yet, as a general step towards attacking all types of violence, many researchers have exposed violence in the healthcare setting. Also referred to as workplace bullying, lateral violence, is a specific type of workplace violence that is exceedingly present in the nursing profession. Lateral violence could be considered an antonym of the terms spoken†¦show more content†¦This specific definition of lateral violence is preferred over others because it does not single out relationships between those of different rank or hierarchy. The deliberate and harmful behavior used in this definiti on can take many forms. In nursing, it can be seen as unintentional, thoughtless acts to purposeful intentional, destructive acts meant to harm, intimidate or humiliate another group or individual (Sincox Fitzpatrick, 2008). Lateral violence can be verbal, physical, and psychological as well. This definition of LV and its many forms will be used consistently throughout this paper. Prevalence/Severity of Lateral Violence Literature that investigates the rates of lateral violence has confirmed that LV has been and currently still is prevalent in the nursing profession. A survey taken during the Upstate AHEC Lateral Violence Among Nurses Project by Jacobs and Kyzer (2010) revealed that 93 percent of nurses have witnessed lateral violence among coworkers, while 85 percent have been a victim of lateral violence. As can be seen by these percentages, lateral violence in nursing is very real and affects many of those who are identified as a nurse. Although these statistics are informative, it is critical to remember that they do not capture all incidents of LV in the nursing profession. Since these statistics come from reported incidents of lateral violence in nursing, there may be additional incidents that were not reported. Therefore, the rates of

The Scarlet Letter Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Essay Thesis The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter Puritan Society- In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, life is centered around a rigid Puritan society in which one is unable to divulge his or her innermost thoughts and secrets. Every human being needs the opportunity to express how he or she truly feels, otherwise the emotions are bottled up until they become volatile. Unfortunately, Puritan society did not permit this kind of expression, thus characters had to seek alternate means to relieve their personal anguishes and desires. Luckily, at least for the four main characters, Hawthorne provides such a sanctuary in the form of the mysterious forest. Hawthorne uses the forest to provide a kind of shelter for members of society in need of a refuge from daily Puritan life. In the deep, dark portions of the forest, many of the pivotal characters bring forth hidden thoughts and emotions. The forest track leads away from the settlement out into the wilderness where all signs of civilization v anish. This is precisely the escape route from strict mandates of law and religion, to a refuge where men, as well as women, can open up and be themselves. It is here that Dimmesdale openly acknowledges Hester and his undying love for her. It is also here that Hester can do the same for Dimmesdale. Finally, it is here that the two of them can openly engage in conversation without being preoccupied with the constraints that Puritan society places on them. The forest itself is the very embodiment of freedom. Nobody watches in the woods to report misbehavior, thus it is here that people may do as they wish. To independent spirits such as Hester Prynnes, the wilderness beckons her: Throw off the shackles of law and religion. What good have they done you anyway? Look at you, a young and vibrant woman, grown old before your time. And no wonder, hemmed in, as you are, on every side by prohibitions. Why, you can hardly walk without tripping over one commandment or another. Come to me, and b e masterless. Truly, Hester takes advantage of this, when Arthur Dimmesdale appears. She openly talks with Dimmesdale about subjects which would never be mentioned in any place other than the forest. What we did she reminds him, had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said to each other! This statement shocks Dimmesdale and he tells Hester to hush, but he eventually realizes that he is in an environment where he can openly express his emotions. The thought of Hester and Dimmesdale having an intimate conversation in the confines of the society in which they live is incomprehensible. Yet here, in the forest, they can throw away all reluctance and finally be themselves under the umbrella of security which exists. In Puritan society, self reliance is stressed among many other things. However, self reliance is more than stressed- it is assumed. It is assumed that you need only yourself, and therefore should have no emotional necessity for a shoulder to cry on. Once again, for pe ople in the stations of life which Hester and Dimmesdale hold, it would be unthinkable for them to comfort each oth..er. Yet, in the forest, these cares are tossed away. Be thou strong for me, Dimmesdale pleads. Advise me what to do. This is a cry for help from Dimmesdale, finally admitting he cannot go through this ordeal by himself. With this plea comes an interesting sort of role-reversal. When Dimmesdale asks for help, he is no longer sustaining the belief that he is above Hester. He is finally admitting that she is an equal, or even that she is above him. This is possibly one of the reasons that Puritans wont accept these emotional displays- because the society is so socially oriented. Hester, assuming a new position of power, gives a heartfelt, moving speech. The eloquence of her words cannot be overemphasized, and a more powerful statement had yet to be made in the book. Hesters speech turns out to bear a remarkable resemblance to one of Dimmesdales sermons. Begin all anew! Preach! Write! Act! The questions she asks are also like the articulate questions which Dimmesdale would pose during his sermons. The answer is obvious, yet upon closer examination they seem to give unexpected results. Whither leads yonder forest-track? Backward to the settlement, thou sayest! Yea; but onward, too! Deeper it goes, and deeper into the wilderness until, some few miles hence, the yellow leave will show no vestige of the white mans tread. If one looks at the title of this chapter, the meaning becomes much clearer. The Pastor and His Parishioner reveals that the roles are now reversed. Where else could an incongruity such as this occur, but in an accepting environment? What other platform is there for a man of high regard in the community to pour his soul to a woman who is shunned by the public for a grave sin? Nowhere else but in the forest, could such an event occur. Finally, the forest brings out the natural appearance and natural personality of the people who use it correctly. When Hester takes off her cap and unloosens her hair, we see a new person. We see the real Hester, who has been hidden this whole time under a shield of shame. Her eyes grow radiant and a flush comes to her cheek. We recognize her as the Hester from Chapter 1. The beautiful, attractive person who is not afraid to show her hair and not afraid to display her beauty. The sunlight, which previously shunned Hester, now seeks her out, and the forest seems to glow. Dimmesdale has also come back to life, if only for a short time, and he is now hopeful and energetic. We have not seen this from Dimmesdale for a long time, and most likely will not see it ever again. Puritan society can be harsh and crippling to ones inner self. Hawthorne created the forest to give the characters a place to escape and express their true thoughts, beliefs, and emotions. It was here that thoughts and ideas flowed as endlessly as the babbling brook, and emotion was as wild as the forest itself. There ar e no restraints in the natural world, because it is just that, natural. No intrusion from people means no disturbance in the natural order, and therefore serves to bring its inhabitants away from their world, and into this older one. .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .postImageUrl , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:hover , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:visited , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:active { border:0!important; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:active , .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118 .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50e86b268ec18dd58bdd24595d530118:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Disobedience Essay We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now